Tatap muka ke 10: Penerapan Diferensial Fungsi Sederhana dalam Ekonomi Elastisitas Biaya Marjinal dan Penerimaan Marjinal Utilitas Marjinal Produk Marjinal Analisis Keuntungan Maksimum TOKOH KALKULUS Sir Isaac Ne Gottfried Wi wton lhelm Leibni z ELASTISITAS PERMINTAAN Elastisitas harga dari permintaan dapat didefinisikan sebagai perubahan persentase jumlah yang diminta oleh.
Millar, R.P.; Aehnelt, C.
1977-01-01
![Fungsi Fungsi](https://slideplayer.info/slide/12844947/78/images/3/%E2%88%86+x+adalah+tambahan+x%2C+sedangkan+%E2%88%86+y+adalah+tambahan+y+akibat+adanya+tambahan+x.+Jadi+%E2%88%86y+timbul+karena+adanya+%E2%88%86x..jpg)
![Fungsi Fungsi](http://setyonugroho09.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/keseimbangan-pasar.jpg)
A sensitive double antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed for measuring luteinizing hormone (LH) in various African mammalian species, using rabbit anti-ovine LH serum (GDN 15) and radioiodinated rat LH or ovine LH. Serum and pituitary homogenates from some African mammals (hyrax, reedbuck, sable, impala, tsessebe, thar, spring-hare, ground squirrel and cheetah, as well as the domestic sheep, cow and horse and laboratory rat and hamster) produced displacement curves parallel to that of the ovine LH standards. The specificity of the assay was examined in detail for one species, the rock hyrax. Radioimmunoassay and bioassay estimates of LH in hyrax pituitaries containing widely differing quantities of pituitary hormones were similar. In sexually active male hyrax mean plasma LH was 12.1 ng/ml and pituitary LH 194 μg/gland, but in sexually quiescent hyrax mean plasma LH was 2.4 ng/ml and mean pituitary LH 76 μg/gland. Intravenous injection of 10 μg of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone increased mean LH levels in hyrax from 0.9 ng/ml to 23.2 ng/ml by 30 min. Conversely, im injection of 250 μg testosterone induced a fall in LH levels in male hyrax from 1.7 ng/ml to 0.7 ng/ml 6 h after administration. Although the specificity of the assay for quantitating plasma LH in other species was not categorically established, there was a good correlation between plasma LH concentration and reproductive state in the bontebok, impala, spring-hare, thar, cheetah, domestic horse and laboratory rat, suggesting the potential use of the antiserum in quantitating LH in a variety of mammalian species
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Artharini I (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/artharini-i-n.jpg)
LEMAK : Struktur, FungsidanMetabolisme (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/art harini-i-n.jpg) LEMAK ??? (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/lemak-n.jpg)
peripheral-dan-instalasi-pc)
kolesterol Obesitas Hipertensi diabetes Jantung
Health issues (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/health-issuesn.jpg) Excessive dietary fat intake is associated with obesity, diabetes, cancer, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Not more than 35% of energy intake should come from fat. Saturated fat should not make up more than 15% of the total fat intake. Omega-3 fatty acids (20 carbons) from fish may protect against atherosclerosis. American Heart association recommends 2-3 fish meals per weak. Fish oil supplements should be avoided because they may be contain concentrated toxins accumulated by the fish.
ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI HISTOLOGI -. struktur & SISTEM PERSARAFAN -. mata fungsi jaringan dasar. struktur kuliah : anatomi fisiologi. materi. & fungsi jaringan dasar. pengertian fungsi struktur sel jaringan adalah sekumpulan sel (/dagan/anatomi-dan(/valmai/histologi) saraf jenis sel saraf sistem saraf yang bentuk fungsinya sama fisiologi-sistem-persarafan) pembagian otak pelindung otak macam – macam jaringan dasar : sumsum saraf tepi ( saraf perifer ) 1. jaringan epithel 2. jaringan otot saraf otonom. 3. jaringan
Jaringan Ikat -. virtue.ivana.stella.william xiai. fibroblas. bentuk : serat fungsi : mensekresikan protein untuk (/khanh/jaringan-ikat) membentuk matriks , penyembuhan luka sel paling umum dari jaringan ikat hewan. sel lemak. menyimpan lemak jaringan
DEFINISI LEMAK (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/definisilemak-n.jpg) Senyawa yang larutdalampelarutlemak, sepertikloroform, benzena, hexan, asetondaneter. Ester asamlemakdangliserol (trigliserida) Bentuk padat : lemak cair : minyak Kenapaenerginyalebihtinggi?
Kandungan C, H dan O (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/kandungan-c-h-dan-o-n.jpg) C H O Lemak 77 12 11
Pemeriksaan Fungsi Hati -. dr.diah puspita rini, sppk. liver. biochemycal hepatocyte system: - protein & lipoprotein (/kamuzu/pemeriksaansynthesis - aerob/anaerob fungsi-hati) metabolism glucose - glycogen synthesis & breakdown iron & vitamin
STRUKTUR ALJABAR II -Struktur aljabar ii. presented by : endah nova astuti a 410 080 015. mata kuliah sa ii dosen pengampu : (/davis/struktur-aljabar-ii) dra. sri sutarni, m.pd. . ring. definisi
Pati 44 6 50 Komponenstrukturalmembransel (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/fungsin.jpg) Sebagaisumberenergi, umumnyadalambentuktrigliserida Pelarut vitamin yglarutpadalemak Sebagaiprekursorbiosintetik ( hormon steroid darikolesterol) Untukmemproteksi (contohmelapisiginjal) Untukinsulasipanas
METABOLISME ENERGETIQUE CELLULAIRE -. conversion energetique, notion de couplage. introduction. la vie cellulaire (/latham/metabolismenecessite de l’energie…. pour energetique-cellulaire) synthètiser de nouvelles molécules (reactions endergoniques ) pour amorcer le
FUNGSI: (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/fungsi-n.jpg) SIFAT UMUM LEMAK (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/sifatumum-lemak-n.jpg) Relatiftidaklarutdalam air Larutdalampelarut non polar (eter, kloroform) Merupakankonstituenmakananygpenting ( energinyalebihtinggi, adanya vitamin larutdlmlemak, asamlemakessensial) Disimpandijaringanadiposa insulator panas Kombinasi lipid dengan protein alatpengangkut lipid dlmdarah
FUNGSI NON LINIER -. METABOLISME ENERGETIQUE matematika ekonomi , by agus CELLULAIRE -. introduction. on a sukoco , st, mm. 2008. fungsi non vu les mécanismes moléculaires linier. fungsi linier dapt berupa des transports de matière (/lucita/fungsi-non-linier) (/ostinmannual/metabolismefungsi kuadrat dan fungsi (diffusion ou protéines energetique-cellulaire) rasional (fungsi pecah) grafik transmembranaires, flux fungsi kuadrat berupa parabola vésiculaire…). comment grafik fungsi rasional berupa visualiser les conversions d'énergie de la
KLASIFIKASI LEMAK (Harper) (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/klasifikasi-lemak-harpern.jpg) LIPID SEDERHANA Ester asamlemakdenganberbagaialkohol - Lemak (fat) : ester as. Lemakdengangliserol; minyak (oil) lemakdlmkondisicair - wax (malam) : ester asamlemak dg alkoholmonohidratberberatmolekultinggi 2. LIPID KOMPLEKS Ester asamlemakygmgd gugus2 selainalkoholdanasamlemak - Fosofolipid - Glikolipid - lipid kompleks lain (sulfolipid, aminolipid) PREKURSOR DAN LIPID TURUNAN -asamlemak, gliserol, steroid, alkohol lain, aldehidlemak,badanketon, hidrokarbon, vitamin larutlemakdanhormon. Classification (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide9-n.jpg) Bloor’s Classification A. Simple lipid - ester of fatty acids with various alcohols 1. Natural fats and oils (triglycerides) 2. Waxes (a) True waxes: cetyl alcohol esters of fatty acids (b) Cholesterol esters (c) Vitamin A esters (d) Vitamin D esters Compound lipid - esters of fatty acids with alcohol plus other groups 1. Phospholipids and spingomyelin: contains phosphoric acid and often a nitrogenous base 2. Spingolipids (also include glycolipids and cerebrosides): contains aminoalcoholspingosine, carbohydrate, N-base; glycolipids contains no phosphate 3. Sulfolipids : contains sulfate group 4. Lipoproteins : lipids attached to plasma/other proteins 5. Lipopolysaccharides: lipids attached to polysaccharides Classification cont. (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide10-n.jpg) Derived lipids – hydrolytic products of A & B with lipid characters 1. Saturated & unsaturated fatty acids 2. Monoglycerides and diglycerides 3. Alcohols (b-carotenoid ring, e.g., vitamin A, certain carotenoids) Miscellaneous lipids 1. Aliphatic hydrocarbons: found in liver fat and certain hydrocarbon found in beeswax and plant waxes 2. Carotenoids 3. Squalene : found in shark and mammalian liver and in human sebam; an important intermediate in biosynthesis of cholesterol 4. Vitamin E and K
ReaksiPembentukanLemak (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/reaksi-pembentukan-lemakn.jpg) CH2OH HOOC-R CH2-OOC-R CHOH + HOOC-R --- CH-OOC-R + 3H2O CH2OH HOOC-R CH2-OOC-R Gliserolasamlemaklemakair
Nomenclature and Structure (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/nomenclature-and-structuren.jpg) Fats and oils: Vegetable oils are triglycerides that are liquid at room temp due to their higher unsaturated or shorter-chain fatty acids Triglycerides are most abundant natural lipids Natural fats have D-configuration Usually R1 and R3 are saturated and R2 is unsaturated Natural fats are mixture of two or more simple triglycerides
Fatty acids (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/fatty-acids-n.jpg) “ A fatty acid may be defined as an acid that occurs in a natural triglyceride and is a mono carboxylic acid ranging in chain length From four carbon to 24 carbon atoms and including , with exceptions, only the even-numbered members of the series ” Ditentukan o/ susunan as.lemaknya: (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/sifatn.jpg) Jenuh/saturated (CnH2nO2) Tidak jenuh/unsaturated (CnH2n-xO2) Punya 2 atau lebih molekul H yg hilang Esensial bagi tubuh
SIFAT (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/sifat-n.jpg) Most Common Fatty Acids in Di- and Triglycerides (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/most-common-fatty-acids-indi-and-triglycerides-n.jpg) CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Sumber : Lehninger, (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide20-n.jpg)
Sumber : Lehninger, (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide21-n.jpg)
Sumber : Lehninger, (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide22-n.jpg)
Fatty Acid Isomers (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide23-n.jpg)
Lipid Content of Feeds (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/lipidcontent-of-feeds-n.jpg) Forages Fat content is low: 1 to 4% of dry matter High proportion of linolenic acid (18:3) Diglycerides in fats of leaves Grains Fat content variable: 4 to 20% of dry matter High proportion of linoleic acid (18:2) Triglycerides in oils of seeds Sumber : Lehninger, (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide25-n.jpg)
REAKSI KIMIA & SIFAT KHAS LEMAK (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/reaksi-kimia-sifat-khas-lemakn.jpg) HIDROLISIS ENZIMATIK trjddlmpencernaan DG ALKALI (PENYABUNAN) Lipida+alkaligliserol grm alkali as.lemak
REAKSI KIMIA & SIFAT KHAS LEMAK (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/reaksi-kimia-sifat-khaslemak1-n.jpg) 2. ANALISIS Bil.Penyabunan adalah jml mg KOH u/menyabunkan 1 gr lemak Bil.As adalah jml mg KOH u/menetralkan as.lemak bebas dr 1 gr lemak Bil.Polenske adalah jml mg KOH u/menetralkan as.lemak yg tdk larut (yg bukan atsiri dlm destilasi uap) dr 5 gr lemak
REAKSI KIMIA & SIFAT KHAS LEMAK (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/reaksi-kimia-sifat-khaslemak2-n.jpg) d. Bil.Iodium (ukuran derajat ketidakjenuhan) - jml gr iodium yg diserap o/ 100 gr lemak (tiap ik.ganda dlm lemak dpt mengambil 2 atom iodium) e. Uji ketengikan (ukuran derajat ketengikan) - Bil Peroksida (dg KI) - Uji As.Tiobarbiturat - Uji Oven Schaal
KETENGIKAN (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/ketengikann.jpg) HIDROLITIK a. Adanya lipase bs menyebabkan reaksi ini, terbentuk as.lemak+gliserol b. nilai gizi tdk terpengaruh OKSIDATIF a. Trjd krn adanya oksigen b. menurunkan nilai energi dr lemak
METABOLISME LEMAK (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide35-n.jpg)
Istilah2 terkaitdenganMetab. Lemak (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/istilah2-terkait-dengan-metablemak-n.jpg) Lipogenesis Beta Oksidasi Lipid Metabolism (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide37-n.jpg)
MEMBRAN LIPIDS (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/membranlipids-n.jpg) Glycerophospholipid Galactolipid Sulfolipid Sphingolipid sterol
Glycerophospholipids(phosphoglycerides), are common (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/glycerophospholipids-n.jpg) constituents of cellular membranes. They have a glycerol backbone. Hydroxyls at C1 & C2 are esterified to fatty acids.
Glycerophospholipids (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/glycerophospholipids-n.jpg) An ester forms when a hydroxyl reacts with a carboxylic acid, with loss of H2O.
Phospholipids (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/phospholipids-n.jpg) Phospholipidsconsist of a 3-carbon glycerol linked to a negatively charged phosphate group, and two fatty acids. Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes due to their amphipathic nature. Amphipathic molecules have a nonpolar region (hydrophobic) and a polar region (hydrophilic). Sphingolipids are derivatives of the lipid sphingosine, (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide42-n.jpg) which has a long hydrocarbon tail, and a polar domain that includes an amino group. Sphingosine may be reversibly phosphorylated to produce the signal molecule sphingosine-1-phosphate. Other derivatives of sphingosine are commonly found as constituents of biological membranes. Sphingomyelin has a phosphocholine or (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide43-n.jpg) phosphethanolamine head group. Sphingomyelins are common constituent of plasma membranes Sphingomyelin, with a phosphocholine head group, is similar in size and shape to the glycerophospholipid phosphatidyl choline. Palmitate (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide44-n.jpg) (C16) The energy conversion process of fatty acid --> ATP involves oxidation of fatty acids by sequential degradation of C2 units leading to the generation FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA. The subsequent oxidation of these reaction products by the citrate cycle and oxidative phosphorylation generates lots of ATP. -oxidation yields large amounts of ATP 106 ATP - WOW! OXIDATION (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide45-n.jpg) The -oxidation pathway occurs at the carbon of the fatty acid, thereby releasing the C-1 carboxyl carbon and carbon as the acetate component of acetyl CoA. -oxidation reactions HYDRATION OXIDATION THIOLYSIS Palmitoyl-CoA + 7 CoA + 7 FAD + 7 NAD+ + 7 H2O --> (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide46-n.jpg) 8 acetyl CoA + 7 FADH2 + 7 NADH + 7 H+ -oxidation reactions for palmitate (C16)
31 NADH (31 x ~2.5 ATP) = ~77.5 ATP (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide47-n.jpg) 15 FADH2 (15 x ~1.5 ATP) = ~22.5 ATP For a grand total = 100 ATP After subtracting the 2 ATP required for fatty acyl CoA activation (AMP --> PPi) And adding the 8 ATP obtained from eight turns of the citrate cycle; The total payout for the complete oxidation of palmitate is 106 ATP ATP currency exchange ratios Besides the payout of ATP that comes from fatty acid (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide48-n.jpg) oxidation, another benefit is the generation of H2O that occurs when O2 is reduced by the final reaction in the electron transport system, as well as, the formation of H2O in oxidative phosphorylation. 2 NADH + 2 H+ + O2 --> 2 H2O 2 FADH2 + O2 --> 2 H2O ADP + PO42- --> ATP + H2O -oxidation is a chemical source of water for desert animals
Ketogenesis (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/ketogenesisn.jpg) When fatty acid oxidation produces more acetyl-CoA than can be combined with OAA to form citrate, then the 'extra' acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA and ketone bodies, including acetone. Ketogenesis (synthesis of ketone bodies) takes place primarily in the liver.
Ketogenesis (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/ketogenesis1n.jpg) Acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acid oxidation enters the Citrate Cycle only if carbohydrate metabolism is properly balanced. When fatty acid oxidation produces more acetyl-CoA than can be combined with OAA to form citrate, then the 'extra' acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA and ketone bodies, including acetone. Ketogenesis (synthesis of ketone bodies) takes place primarily in the liver.
Ketones are an energy source for tissues (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/ketones-are-an-energysource-for-tissues-n.jpg) How many total ATP from 2 acetyl-CoA? 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 GTP 15 ATP 3 ATP 2 ATP 20 ATP Ok, now what happens to these two acetyl-CoA?
Ketogenesis occurs when glycogen stores are depleted such as (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide52-n.jpg) during fasting and in undiagnosed diabetics Diabetics can have high levels of acetone in their blood which can be detected on their breath as a fruity odor. Acetone is a spontaneous breakdown product of acetoacetate (decarboxylation), or it is formed by enzymatic cleavage of acetoacetate by the enzyme acetoacetate decarboxylase.
Lipoprotein and lipid transport (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/lipoprotein-and-lipidtransport-n.jpg)
Since cholesterol is hydrophobic (water fearing) and blood (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide58-n.jpg) is hydrophilic (water loving), the two do not mix. Cholesterol is carried through the bloodstream in protein packages called lipoproteins, made up of lipid on the inside and protein on the outside. Two kinds of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout your body. - High density lipoproteins (HDL) - Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
LDL and HDL continued…. (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/ldl-and-hdl-continued-n.jpg) LDL cholesterol is sometimes called bad cholesterol. High LDL cholesterol leads to a buildup of cholesterol in arteries. The higher the LDL level in your blood, the greater chance you have of
vertikale Struktur -. abb. 1.1: logische schichten und physische strukturen der systemarchitektur. (/janna/vertikale-struktur) präsentationsschicht. monolith. anwendungsschicht. 1 of 5 datenhaltungsschicht. abb. 1.2: monolithische makroarchitektur. präsentationsschicht.
getting heart disease. HDL cholesterol is sometimes called good cholesterol. HDL carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. The liver removes the cholesterol from your body. The higher your HDL cholesterol level, the lower your chance of getting heart disease.
Hyperlipidemia can lead to disease (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/hyperlipidemia-can-lead-todisease-n.jpg) When there is too much cholesterol /LDL in your body (because of diet and the rate at which the cholesterol is processed) it is deposited in arteries, including those of the heart, which can lead to narrowing of the arteries and heart disease. Studies of people with heart disease have shown that lowering cholesterol/LDL reduces the risk for dying from heart disease, having a heart attack, or needing heart bypass surgery or angioplasty.
Lipoprotein Profile (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/lipoprotein-profile-n.jpg) Cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of blood. Desirable or optimal levels for adults with or without existing heart disease are: Total cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL. Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol: Less than 100 mg/dL. High Density Lipoprotein (HDL): 40 mg/dL or higher. Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL. The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends that healthy adults over 20 years of age have their cholesterol levels checked once every 5 years.
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BAB IX DESAIN STRUKTUR ORGANISASI -. organisasi seperti sidik jari. masing-masing memiliki struktur organisasi unik, (/fordon/bab-ix-desaintidak ada organisasi yg struktur-organisasi) mempuyai struktur yang sama persis dengan yang lain. namun mereka dapat diklasifikasikan menurut
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Artharini I. LEMAK : Struktur , Fungsi dan Metabolisme. LEMAK ???. kolesterol. Obesitas. Hipertensi. diabetes. Jantung. Health issues. Excessive dietary fat intake is associated with obesity, diabetes, cancer, hypertension and atherosclerosis. 0 Comments
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10. Struktur Pasar -. by wasis a.latief. klasifikasi struktur pasar. struktur pasar menggambarkan tingkat persaingan di sua t u (/makara/10-struktur-pasar) pasar barang atau jasa tertentu. suatu pasar terdiri dari : - seluruh perusahaan -
KIMIA BAHAN ALAM -. keanekaragaman struktur metabolit. harwoko , m.sc. , apt. ke aneka ragaman metabolit. (/teva/kimia-bahan-alam) metabolisme. g. f. h. i. j. e. a. b. c. d. metabolisme mrp proses biokimiawi yg terjadi dlm sel makhluk hidup dlm rangka
LARENIM -. larenim. zat mineral. bagian dari tubuh yg memegang peran penting dlm pemeliharaan fungsi tubuh (sel, jaringan, organ (/kaipo/larenim) dan fungsi). 4 % bag tubuh mineral berperan dlm berbagai tahap metabolisme sbg kofaktor dlm aktifitas enzim
Tujuan & Fungsi KKM Daftar isi. kkm. intake siswa. pengertian. kriteria penetapan kkm dg rentang nilai. tujuan (/roxy/tujuan-fungsi-kkm) & fungsi kkm. kriteria penetapan kkm dg poin. penetapan kkm. contoh cara menghitung kkm. format perhitungan
BAB II TURUNAN FUNGSI -. materi 02 kelas xi ipa. turunan fungsi (diferensial fungsi). pengertian turunan fungsi laju (/seth/bab-ii-turunan-fungsi) perubahan nilai fungsi a.1 laju perubahan rata-rata. pengantar
METABOLISME KARBOHIDRAT Oleh: Prof. Dr. Ir. SITI CHUZAEMI, MS -. fakultas peternakan universitas brawijaya. (/chas/metabolismemetabolisme. adalah sejumlah karbohidrat-oleh-prof-dr-irproses yg meliputi sintesa (anabolisme) dari protoplasma siti-chuzaemi-ms) dan perombakan (katabolisme) dlm organisme
SISTEM REPRODUKSI WANITA -. oleh dr. adi hijaz y. bgn biologi fk unlam. tik. menjelaskan struktur dan fungsi ovarium, tuba (/coye/sistem-reproduksiuterina, uterus, dan vagina wanita) menjelaskan oogenesis menjelaskan hubungan antara siklus ovarium dan siklus
GUGUS FUNGSI SENYAWA KARBON -. standar kompetensi. kompetensi dasar. memahami senyawa organik dan (/giulia/gugus-fungsimakromolekul, menentukan hasil senyawa-karbon) reaksi, dan mensintesis senyawa molekul serta
Konsep jumlah rieman -. oleh : t riyanti nim : 3214113165. kompetensi dasar memahami konsep jumlah rieman dan (/peigi/konsep-jumlahintegral tentu suatu fungsi rieman) dengan menggunakan fungsifungsi sederhana non-negatif. berapakah luas persegi panjang disamping
MENERAPKAN FUNGSI PERIPHERAL DAN INSTALASI PC -. mengidentifikasi macammacam peripheral dan fungsinya. (/argus/menerapkan-fungsi-
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Artharini I (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/artharini-i-n.jpg)
LEMAK : Struktur, FungsidanMetabolisme (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/art harini-i-n.jpg) LEMAK ??? (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/lemak-n.jpg)
peripheral-dan-instalasi-pc)
kolesterol Obesitas Hipertensi diabetes Jantung
Health issues (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/health-issuesn.jpg) Excessive dietary fat intake is associated with obesity, diabetes, cancer, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Not more than 35% of energy intake should come from fat. Saturated fat should not make up more than 15% of the total fat intake. Omega-3 fatty acids (20 carbons) from fish may protect against atherosclerosis. American Heart association recommends 2-3 fish meals per weak. Fish oil supplements should be avoided because they may be contain concentrated toxins accumulated by the fish.
ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI HISTOLOGI -. struktur & SISTEM PERSARAFAN -. mata fungsi jaringan dasar. struktur kuliah : anatomi fisiologi. materi. & fungsi jaringan dasar. pengertian fungsi struktur sel jaringan adalah sekumpulan sel (/dagan/anatomi-dan(/valmai/histologi) saraf jenis sel saraf sistem saraf yang bentuk fungsinya sama fisiologi-sistem-persarafan) pembagian otak pelindung otak macam – macam jaringan dasar : sumsum saraf tepi ( saraf perifer ) 1. jaringan epithel 2. jaringan otot saraf otonom. 3. jaringan
Jaringan Ikat -. virtue.ivana.stella.william xiai. fibroblas. bentuk : serat fungsi : mensekresikan protein untuk (/khanh/jaringan-ikat) membentuk matriks , penyembuhan luka sel paling umum dari jaringan ikat hewan. sel lemak. menyimpan lemak jaringan
DEFINISI LEMAK (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/definisilemak-n.jpg) Senyawa yang larutdalampelarutlemak, sepertikloroform, benzena, hexan, asetondaneter. Ester asamlemakdangliserol (trigliserida) Bentuk padat : lemak cair : minyak Kenapaenerginyalebihtinggi?
Kandungan C, H dan O (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/kandungan-c-h-dan-o-n.jpg) C H O Lemak 77 12 11
Pemeriksaan Fungsi Hati -. dr.diah puspita rini, sppk. liver. biochemycal hepatocyte system: - protein & lipoprotein (/kamuzu/pemeriksaansynthesis - aerob/anaerob fungsi-hati) metabolism glucose - glycogen synthesis & breakdown iron & vitamin
STRUKTUR ALJABAR II -Struktur aljabar ii. presented by : endah nova astuti a 410 080 015. mata kuliah sa ii dosen pengampu : (/davis/struktur-aljabar-ii) dra. sri sutarni, m.pd. . ring. definisi
Pati 44 6 50 Komponenstrukturalmembransel (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/fungsin.jpg) Sebagaisumberenergi, umumnyadalambentuktrigliserida Pelarut vitamin yglarutpadalemak Sebagaiprekursorbiosintetik ( hormon steroid darikolesterol) Untukmemproteksi (contohmelapisiginjal) Untukinsulasipanas
METABOLISME ENERGETIQUE CELLULAIRE -. conversion energetique, notion de couplage. introduction. la vie cellulaire (/latham/metabolismenecessite de l’energie…. pour energetique-cellulaire) synthètiser de nouvelles molécules (reactions endergoniques ) pour amorcer le
FUNGSI: (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/fungsi-n.jpg) SIFAT UMUM LEMAK (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/sifatumum-lemak-n.jpg) Relatiftidaklarutdalam air Larutdalampelarut non polar (eter, kloroform) Merupakankonstituenmakananygpenting ( energinyalebihtinggi, adanya vitamin larutdlmlemak, asamlemakessensial) Disimpandijaringanadiposa insulator panas Kombinasi lipid dengan protein alatpengangkut lipid dlmdarah
FUNGSI NON LINIER -. METABOLISME ENERGETIQUE matematika ekonomi , by agus CELLULAIRE -. introduction. on a sukoco , st, mm. 2008. fungsi non vu les mécanismes moléculaires linier. fungsi linier dapt berupa des transports de matière (/lucita/fungsi-non-linier) (/ostinmannual/metabolismefungsi kuadrat dan fungsi (diffusion ou protéines energetique-cellulaire) rasional (fungsi pecah) grafik transmembranaires, flux fungsi kuadrat berupa parabola vésiculaire…). comment grafik fungsi rasional berupa visualiser les conversions d'énergie de la
KLASIFIKASI LEMAK (Harper) (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/klasifikasi-lemak-harpern.jpg) LIPID SEDERHANA Ester asamlemakdenganberbagaialkohol - Lemak (fat) : ester as. Lemakdengangliserol; minyak (oil) lemakdlmkondisicair - wax (malam) : ester asamlemak dg alkoholmonohidratberberatmolekultinggi 2. LIPID KOMPLEKS Ester asamlemakygmgd gugus2 selainalkoholdanasamlemak - Fosofolipid - Glikolipid - lipid kompleks lain (sulfolipid, aminolipid) PREKURSOR DAN LIPID TURUNAN -asamlemak, gliserol, steroid, alkohol lain, aldehidlemak,badanketon, hidrokarbon, vitamin larutlemakdanhormon. Classification (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide9-n.jpg) Bloor’s Classification A. Simple lipid - ester of fatty acids with various alcohols 1. Natural fats and oils (triglycerides) 2. Waxes (a) True waxes: cetyl alcohol esters of fatty acids (b) Cholesterol esters (c) Vitamin A esters (d) Vitamin D esters Compound lipid - esters of fatty acids with alcohol plus other groups 1. Phospholipids and spingomyelin: contains phosphoric acid and often a nitrogenous base 2. Spingolipids (also include glycolipids and cerebrosides): contains aminoalcoholspingosine, carbohydrate, N-base; glycolipids contains no phosphate 3. Sulfolipids : contains sulfate group 4. Lipoproteins : lipids attached to plasma/other proteins 5. Lipopolysaccharides: lipids attached to polysaccharides Classification cont. (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide10-n.jpg) Derived lipids – hydrolytic products of A & B with lipid characters 1. Saturated & unsaturated fatty acids 2. Monoglycerides and diglycerides 3. Alcohols (b-carotenoid ring, e.g., vitamin A, certain carotenoids) Miscellaneous lipids 1. Aliphatic hydrocarbons: found in liver fat and certain hydrocarbon found in beeswax and plant waxes 2. Carotenoids 3. Squalene : found in shark and mammalian liver and in human sebam; an important intermediate in biosynthesis of cholesterol 4. Vitamin E and K
ReaksiPembentukanLemak (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/reaksi-pembentukan-lemakn.jpg) CH2OH HOOC-R CH2-OOC-R CHOH + HOOC-R --- CH-OOC-R + 3H2O CH2OH HOOC-R CH2-OOC-R Gliserolasamlemaklemakair
Nomenclature and Structure (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/nomenclature-and-structuren.jpg) Fats and oils: Vegetable oils are triglycerides that are liquid at room temp due to their higher unsaturated or shorter-chain fatty acids Triglycerides are most abundant natural lipids Natural fats have D-configuration Usually R1 and R3 are saturated and R2 is unsaturated Natural fats are mixture of two or more simple triglycerides
Fatty acids (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/fatty-acids-n.jpg) “ A fatty acid may be defined as an acid that occurs in a natural triglyceride and is a mono carboxylic acid ranging in chain length From four carbon to 24 carbon atoms and including , with exceptions, only the even-numbered members of the series ” Ditentukan o/ susunan as.lemaknya: (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/sifatn.jpg) Jenuh/saturated (CnH2nO2) Tidak jenuh/unsaturated (CnH2n-xO2) Punya 2 atau lebih molekul H yg hilang Esensial bagi tubuh
SIFAT (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/sifat-n.jpg) Most Common Fatty Acids in Di- and Triglycerides (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/most-common-fatty-acids-indi-and-triglycerides-n.jpg) CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Sumber : Lehninger, (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide20-n.jpg)
Sumber : Lehninger, (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide21-n.jpg)
Sumber : Lehninger, (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide22-n.jpg)
Fatty Acid Isomers (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide23-n.jpg)
Lipid Content of Feeds (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/lipidcontent-of-feeds-n.jpg) Forages Fat content is low: 1 to 4% of dry matter High proportion of linolenic acid (18:3) Diglycerides in fats of leaves Grains Fat content variable: 4 to 20% of dry matter High proportion of linoleic acid (18:2) Triglycerides in oils of seeds Sumber : Lehninger, (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide25-n.jpg)
REAKSI KIMIA & SIFAT KHAS LEMAK (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/reaksi-kimia-sifat-khas-lemakn.jpg) HIDROLISIS ENZIMATIK trjddlmpencernaan DG ALKALI (PENYABUNAN) Lipida+alkaligliserol grm alkali as.lemak
REAKSI KIMIA & SIFAT KHAS LEMAK (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/reaksi-kimia-sifat-khaslemak1-n.jpg) 2. ANALISIS Bil.Penyabunan adalah jml mg KOH u/menyabunkan 1 gr lemak Bil.As adalah jml mg KOH u/menetralkan as.lemak bebas dr 1 gr lemak Bil.Polenske adalah jml mg KOH u/menetralkan as.lemak yg tdk larut (yg bukan atsiri dlm destilasi uap) dr 5 gr lemak
REAKSI KIMIA & SIFAT KHAS LEMAK (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/reaksi-kimia-sifat-khaslemak2-n.jpg) d. Bil.Iodium (ukuran derajat ketidakjenuhan) - jml gr iodium yg diserap o/ 100 gr lemak (tiap ik.ganda dlm lemak dpt mengambil 2 atom iodium) e. Uji ketengikan (ukuran derajat ketengikan) - Bil Peroksida (dg KI) - Uji As.Tiobarbiturat - Uji Oven Schaal
KETENGIKAN (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/ketengikann.jpg) HIDROLITIK a. Adanya lipase bs menyebabkan reaksi ini, terbentuk as.lemak+gliserol b. nilai gizi tdk terpengaruh OKSIDATIF a. Trjd krn adanya oksigen b. menurunkan nilai energi dr lemak
METABOLISME LEMAK (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide35-n.jpg)
Istilah2 terkaitdenganMetab. Lemak (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/istilah2-terkait-dengan-metablemak-n.jpg) Lipogenesis Beta Oksidasi Lipid Metabolism (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide37-n.jpg)
MEMBRAN LIPIDS (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/membranlipids-n.jpg) Glycerophospholipid Galactolipid Sulfolipid Sphingolipid sterol
Glycerophospholipids(phosphoglycerides), are common (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/glycerophospholipids-n.jpg) constituents of cellular membranes. They have a glycerol backbone. Hydroxyls at C1 & C2 are esterified to fatty acids.
Glycerophospholipids (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/glycerophospholipids-n.jpg) An ester forms when a hydroxyl reacts with a carboxylic acid, with loss of H2O.
Phospholipids (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/phospholipids-n.jpg) Phospholipidsconsist of a 3-carbon glycerol linked to a negatively charged phosphate group, and two fatty acids. Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes due to their amphipathic nature. Amphipathic molecules have a nonpolar region (hydrophobic) and a polar region (hydrophilic). Sphingolipids are derivatives of the lipid sphingosine, (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide42-n.jpg) which has a long hydrocarbon tail, and a polar domain that includes an amino group. Sphingosine may be reversibly phosphorylated to produce the signal molecule sphingosine-1-phosphate. Other derivatives of sphingosine are commonly found as constituents of biological membranes. Sphingomyelin has a phosphocholine or (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide43-n.jpg) phosphethanolamine head group. Sphingomyelins are common constituent of plasma membranes Sphingomyelin, with a phosphocholine head group, is similar in size and shape to the glycerophospholipid phosphatidyl choline. Palmitate (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide44-n.jpg) (C16) The energy conversion process of fatty acid --> ATP involves oxidation of fatty acids by sequential degradation of C2 units leading to the generation FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA. The subsequent oxidation of these reaction products by the citrate cycle and oxidative phosphorylation generates lots of ATP. -oxidation yields large amounts of ATP 106 ATP - WOW! OXIDATION (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide45-n.jpg) The -oxidation pathway occurs at the carbon of the fatty acid, thereby releasing the C-1 carboxyl carbon and carbon as the acetate component of acetyl CoA. -oxidation reactions HYDRATION OXIDATION THIOLYSIS Palmitoyl-CoA + 7 CoA + 7 FAD + 7 NAD+ + 7 H2O --> (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide46-n.jpg) 8 acetyl CoA + 7 FADH2 + 7 NADH + 7 H+ -oxidation reactions for palmitate (C16)
31 NADH (31 x ~2.5 ATP) = ~77.5 ATP (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide47-n.jpg) 15 FADH2 (15 x ~1.5 ATP) = ~22.5 ATP For a grand total = 100 ATP After subtracting the 2 ATP required for fatty acyl CoA activation (AMP --> PPi) And adding the 8 ATP obtained from eight turns of the citrate cycle; The total payout for the complete oxidation of palmitate is 106 ATP ATP currency exchange ratios Besides the payout of ATP that comes from fatty acid (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide48-n.jpg) oxidation, another benefit is the generation of H2O that occurs when O2 is reduced by the final reaction in the electron transport system, as well as, the formation of H2O in oxidative phosphorylation. 2 NADH + 2 H+ + O2 --> 2 H2O 2 FADH2 + O2 --> 2 H2O ADP + PO42- --> ATP + H2O -oxidation is a chemical source of water for desert animals
Ketogenesis (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/ketogenesisn.jpg) When fatty acid oxidation produces more acetyl-CoA than can be combined with OAA to form citrate, then the 'extra' acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA and ketone bodies, including acetone. Ketogenesis (synthesis of ketone bodies) takes place primarily in the liver.
Ketogenesis (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/ketogenesis1n.jpg) Acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acid oxidation enters the Citrate Cycle only if carbohydrate metabolism is properly balanced. When fatty acid oxidation produces more acetyl-CoA than can be combined with OAA to form citrate, then the 'extra' acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA and ketone bodies, including acetone. Ketogenesis (synthesis of ketone bodies) takes place primarily in the liver.
Ketones are an energy source for tissues (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/ketones-are-an-energysource-for-tissues-n.jpg) How many total ATP from 2 acetyl-CoA? 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 GTP 15 ATP 3 ATP 2 ATP 20 ATP Ok, now what happens to these two acetyl-CoA?
Ketogenesis occurs when glycogen stores are depleted such as (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide52-n.jpg) during fasting and in undiagnosed diabetics Diabetics can have high levels of acetone in their blood which can be detected on their breath as a fruity odor. Acetone is a spontaneous breakdown product of acetoacetate (decarboxylation), or it is formed by enzymatic cleavage of acetoacetate by the enzyme acetoacetate decarboxylase.
Lipoprotein and lipid transport (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/lipoprotein-and-lipidtransport-n.jpg)
Since cholesterol is hydrophobic (water fearing) and blood (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/slide58-n.jpg) is hydrophilic (water loving), the two do not mix. Cholesterol is carried through the bloodstream in protein packages called lipoproteins, made up of lipid on the inside and protein on the outside. Two kinds of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout your body. - High density lipoproteins (HDL) - Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
LDL and HDL continued…. (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/ldl-and-hdl-continued-n.jpg) LDL cholesterol is sometimes called bad cholesterol. High LDL cholesterol leads to a buildup of cholesterol in arteries. The higher the LDL level in your blood, the greater chance you have of
vertikale Struktur -. abb. 1.1: logische schichten und physische strukturen der systemarchitektur. (/janna/vertikale-struktur) präsentationsschicht. monolith. anwendungsschicht. 1 of 5 datenhaltungsschicht. abb. 1.2: monolithische makroarchitektur. präsentationsschicht.
getting heart disease. HDL cholesterol is sometimes called good cholesterol. HDL carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. The liver removes the cholesterol from your body. The higher your HDL cholesterol level, the lower your chance of getting heart disease.
Hyperlipidemia can lead to disease (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/hyperlipidemia-can-lead-todisease-n.jpg) When there is too much cholesterol /LDL in your body (because of diet and the rate at which the cholesterol is processed) it is deposited in arteries, including those of the heart, which can lead to narrowing of the arteries and heart disease. Studies of people with heart disease have shown that lowering cholesterol/LDL reduces the risk for dying from heart disease, having a heart attack, or needing heart bypass surgery or angioplasty.
Lipoprotein Profile (https://image3.slideserve.com/7085122/lipoprotein-profile-n.jpg) Cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of blood. Desirable or optimal levels for adults with or without existing heart disease are: Total cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL. Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol: Less than 100 mg/dL. High Density Lipoprotein (HDL): 40 mg/dL or higher. Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL. The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends that healthy adults over 20 years of age have their cholesterol levels checked once every 5 years.
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